This book has provided empirical evidence that strongly support the two assumptions I made in Chapter One. First, the findings support that all vowels, tense or lax, have to travel in the speaker’s oral tract following a direction that is specific to each vowel of each specific accent of English. Second, the findings support that native speakers with different accents of English employ various mechanisms in pronouncing the English vowels especially in differentiating the tense and the lax vowels.

As for the possible implications for teachers, one of the most important pedagogical implications might be the detailed map for each vowel provide in this book. EFL students will need a comprehensible and practical guideline to help them find the route taken by each vowel. To enrich the information currently used in most textbooks for pronunciation instruction, the patterns of the vowel space and how they interact with the vowel movement have added a great deal of specificity in locating each articulation position of the vowel. The book also provides different patterns for different accents of English, from which teachers can choose the one they need to help their students.

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